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MISSION  CHINA 
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CHINA 

More  than  one-fourth  of  the  world's  inhabitants  live  in 
Chin 

China  has  400,000  people  to  one  doctor. 

The  annual  death  rate  is  from  forty  to  fifty  per  thousand. 
Only  6 per  cent,  of  the  school  population  is  in  school. 
China's  new  phonetic  alphabet  will  unlock  the  doors  of 
learning  for  hundreds  of  millions  of  people. 

With  a written  language  of  40,000  characters  only  about 
one  person  in  twenty  had  time  to  learn  to  read  and 
write. 

The  new  alphabet  has  but  thirty-nine  characters. 
Christian  missionaries  have  been  influential  in  promoting 
the  phonetic  system. 

The  Woman’s  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A. 

156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 


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PEN  PICTURE 

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of  the 

SOUTH  CHINA 
AND  HAINAN  MISSIONS 


THE  BOARD  OK  FOREIGN  MISSIONS 
Department  for  Specific  Work 

THE  WOMAN’S  BOARD  OF  FOREIGN  MISSIONS 


OF  THE  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  IN  THE  U.  S.  A. 
156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 


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Pen  Picture 

of  the 

South  China  Mission 


Established — 1845. 

Stations  in  the  Order  of  Founding 

Canton 1845  Kochou 1912 

Yeung  Kong... 1886  Shek  Lung 1915 

Lienchow 1890 

Outstanding  Features 

Favorable  location  on  the  sea  with  convenient 
harbors. 

Rich  in  resources. 

The  ablest  and  most  enterprising  Chinese  mer- 
chants come  from  Kwantung  Province. 

The  province  furnishes  the  majority  of  the 
emigrants  to  foreign  countries. 

The  scene  of  the  labors  of  Robert  Morrison, 
the  pioneer  of  Protestant  Missions  to  China. 

Effective  union  work. 

In  the  early  years  marked  hostility ; now  in 
creased  friendliness  and  a growing  interest  in 
Christianity. 


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Other  Protestant  Missions  Operating  in  this  Field 

Church  Missionary  Society;  American  Board 
of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions ; London 
Missionary  Society;  United  Brethren  Mission; 
Canadian  Presbyterian  Mission;  New  Zealand 
Presbyterian  Mission;  Wesleyan  Methodist  Mis- 
sion ; American  Baptist  Mission ; American  Bible 
Society;  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society; 
Seventh  Day  Adventists ; Y.  M.  C.  A.  ■ Y.  W. 
C.  A. 

Union  Work 

Union  Theological  College;  Women’s  Normal 
School ; Union  Middle  School. 

Location,  Climate  and  Size 

The  South  China  Mission  comprises  the  prov- 
ince of  Kwantung  which  is  the  most  southerly 
of  China,  stretching  along  the  seaboard  for  a 
distance  of  nearly  800  miles.  Kwantung  lies 
for  the  most  part  within  the  tropics.  Its  area 
is  about  100,000  square  miles.  Two-thirds  of 
this  territory,  especially  toward  the  inland 
boundary  is  hilly  or  mountainous,  while  the 
alluvial  plains  stretch  down  to  the  sea.  These 
plains  are  so  intersected  with  a network  of 
water  courses  that  there  are  few  cities  or  larger 
towns  that  do  not  lie  on  the  banks  or  within 
easy  reach  of  some  navigable  river.  Eastward 
and  westward  through  the  very  heart  of  the 
province  stretch  the  great  East  and  West  Rivers, 
the  headwaters  of  the  one  springing  near  the 
sources  of  the  rivers  that  find  their  way  to  the 
ocean  in  the  extreme  southeastern  coast,  while 


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the  headwaters  of  the  other  are  hundreds  of 
miles  away,  beyond  the  farthest  limits  of  the 
province  of  Kwang  Si.  From  the  extreme  north- 
ern boundary  comes  the  North  River  gathering 
its  waters  from  a hundred  streams  and  then 
cutting  its  way  down  through  mountain  passes, 
whose  beauty  and  grandeur  are  rarely  equalled, 
until  its  waters  unite  with  those  of  the  East  and 
West  Rivers  and  find  their  way  through  many 
winding  channels  to  the  sea. 

Latitude 

Between  20°  to  25°  north,  corresponding  ap- 
proximately to  that  of  Cuba. 

Population  and  People 

The  population  of  Kwantung  Province  is 
about  23,700,000.  The  people,  as  a whole,  have 
few  rivals  in  physique  and  in  mentalitj^.  In 
different  sections  of  the  province  the  charac- 
teristics differ  and  several  dialects  are  spoken. 
The  Hakkas  have  a few  large  villages  and 
occupy  for  the  most  part  scattered  towns  and 
hamlets  in  the  mountainous  districts,  which  are 
only  capable  of  maintaining  a rather  sparse 
population.  They  arc  a manly  and  vigorous 
race,  chiefly  engaged  in  agriculture  and  they 
are  better  educated  than  the  people  living  in 
the  more  crowded  plains.  At  the  same  time 
they  are  a turbulent  and  lawless  people  and 
revolutionary  societies  flourish  among  them. 
The  Cantonese  and  Swatow  men,  on  the  other 
hand,  have  numerous  large  towns  and  cities 


5 


and  thickly  crowded  villages  of  large  size.  The 
country  people  are  hard  working  agriculturists, 
while  those  of  the  seaports  are  the  ablest  and 
most  enterprising  of  Chinese  merchants. 

From  this  province  come  the  majority  of 
emigrants  who  are  found  not  only  in  Singapore, 
in  Siam  and  the  Philippines,  but  also  in  Aus- 
tralia, South  Africa  and  America.  Many  of 
these  emigrants  return  to  their  homes  as  men 
of  wealth  and  influence.  The  coast  towns  have 
a large  population  of  sturdy  seamen  and  fisher- 
men. Many  of  them  are  employed  on  foreign 
steamers  as  deck  hands,  carpenters  and 
engineers. 

Products 

The  products  of  Kwantung  are  of  great 
variety  and  value.  The  most  important  are 
silk,  sugar,  indigo,  rice,  tea,  tobacco,  fruit,  salt 
and  oil.  Tt  exports  large  quantities  of  fish, 
fresh  vegetables  and  live  stock. 

Importance  of  the  Province. 

On  account  of  its  location  on  the  sea,  its 
convenient  harbors  and  its  natural  resources, 
Kwantung  Province  became  in  ancient  times  the 
seat  of  an  extensive  foreign  trade  and  was  in 
touch  with  other  nations  earlier  than  any  other 
Chinese  province.  The  Ilakka  section  was  the 
cradle  of  the  Taiping  Rebellion  which  held  its 
conquering  course  for  years  over  a Avide  region 
of  China,  until  the  moral  degeneration  of  its 
leaders  caused  their  defeat.  The  numerous 
estuaries  and  the  complicated  network  of  its 


6 


rivers  and  canals,  not  only  lend  themselves  to 
legitimate  commerce  but  they  also  have  been  the 
shelter  and  hunting-ground  of  hordes  of  daring 
and  formidable  pirates. 

The  literax-y  achievements  of  Kwantung  are 
perhaps  less  glorious  than  those  of  some  of  the 
other  parts  of  China,  but  it  can  claim  by  right 
of  residence,  the  illustrious  names  of  Han  Yu, 
the  brilliant  statesman  and  essayist,  and  of  Su 
Tung-p’o,  the  famous  poet.  Within  recent  times, 
the  province  has  produced  the  well  known 
“Modern  Sage,”  K’ang  Yu-wei. 

Mission  History 

Roman  Catholic  Beginnings — The  Jesuits  were  the 
first  Christian  missionaries  in  the  Kwantung  Province. 
Their  first  effective  beginnings  were  made  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  when  they  made  an  entrance  into  the 
province  disguised  in  the  garb  of  Buddhist  priests. 
Their  leadei-s  made  it  their  aim  to  reach  Peking,  the 
capital,  anti  thus  establish  themselves  in  touch  with 
the  Chinese  eoui’t. 

Robert  Morrison — The  Pioneer  of  Protestant  Mis- 
sions to  China — The  pioneer  Protestant  missionary  to 
China  was  Robert  Morrison  who  was  sent  out  by  the 
London  Missionary  Society  in  1807.  Unable  to  enter 
the  city  of  Canton,  lie  was  forced  to  live  just  outside 
of  it  in  a factory.  Mr.  Morrison’s  position  was  one 
of  delicacy  and  difficulty.  A footing  on  Chinese  soil 
seemed  almost  unattainable  and  the  limitations  under 
which  he  labored  were  most  disheartening.  Still  he 
toiled  bravely  with  no  encouragement.  The  great 
work  of  his  life  was  the  preparation  of  his  dictionary 
and  his  translation  of  the  Bible.  The  publication  of 


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his  books  caused  a storm  of  opposition  from  the 
Chinese.  Mr.  Morrison  was  assisted  in  this  work  by 
Rev.  Robert  Milne  who  arrived  in  China  in  1813. 
When  Mr.  Morrison  died  in  1834,  the  prospect  of  the 
extension  of  the  evangelistic  work  was  nearly  as  dark 
as  when  he  landed. 

Beginnings  of  Our  Mission — The  city  of  Canton  was 
not  opened  to  foreigners  until  the  year  1842  at  the 
close  of  the  Opium  War.  Rev.  Andrew  P.  Happer 
reached  the  city  in  1845  and  was  able  to  secure  tem- 
porary quarters  outside  the  walls.  The  first  years  of 
labor  were  trying  owing  to  the  hostility  of  the 
Chinese.  It  was  ten  years  before  the  first  convert 
was  baptized,  and  the  first  church  was  not  organized 
until  January,  1862.  Most  of  the  churches  in  the 
Canton  district  have  been  founded  in  the  face  of 
bitter  opposition.  In  1894  the  bubonic  plague  swept 
away  nearly  100,000  victims  in  the  city.  A wide- 
spread outbreak  of  hostility  resulted  against  the  for- 
eigners who  were  supposed  to  have  caused  the  pes- 
tilence. During  the  Boxer  outbreak  of  1900  almost 
all  the  chapels  in  the  country  districts  were  destroyed 
and  the  Christians  were  persecuted.  Since  then  the 
people  themselves  have  restored  the  chapels  and  the 
ingathering  of  converts  has  been  unprecedented. 
There  has  been  a vast  extension  of  the  country  work 
through  itineration  on  the  rivers  and  canals  and  the 
training  and  employment  of  native  evangelists. 

Union  Work — Effective  union  work  has  been  car- 
ried on  in  the  city  of  Canton.  Canton  Union  Theo- 
logical College,  the  Union  Middle  School  and  the 
Women’s  Union  Normal  School  are  examples  of  effec- 
tive interdenominational  cooperation.  Added  re- 
sponsibility is  being  placed  on  the  Chinese  Church  and 


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the  response  has  been  most  encouraging  to  the  mis- 
sionaries. Canton  Christian  College,  although  con- 
ducted in  harmony  with  the  Mission  work,  is  inde- 
pendent of  our  Board.  As  an  institution  of  higher 
learning  its  influence  has  been  widespread. 

A Conspicuous  Feature — The  medical  work  of  Can- 
ton has  always  been  important.  Two  hospitals,  a 
training  school  for  nurses  and  a medical  college  for 
women  have  been  important  agencies  in  furthering 
Christianity  by  deed  and  by  training  efficient  Chris- 
tian nurses  and  physicians.  The  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  founded  by  Dr.  John  G.  Kerr,  one  of  China’s 
great  medical  missionaries,  has  wrought  many  cures. 

Ming  Sam  School  for  the  Blind,  founded  in  1910 
by  Dr.  Mary  Niles,  has  trained  many  poor  unfor- 
tunate blind  children  in  industrial  work  and  has 
thus  made  them  self-supporting.  Nearly  all  of  its 
graduates  have  done  Christian  work  in  the  various 
Missions. 

Shun  Talc  - West  River  District — This  section, 
known  as  the  Four  Districts,  constitutes  one  of  the 
most  populous  and  prosperous  sections  of  the  Kwan- 
tung  Province.  It  is  situated  to  the  south  of  Canton 
City.  Villages  are  as  close  together  as  are  the  sep- 
arate farmhouses  of  a thickly  settled  Pennsylvania 
county,  and  large  cities  lie  in  the  midst  of  the  villages. 
It  is  estimated  that  there  are  a million  souls  in  this 
region  alone.  One  of  the  Board’s  Secretaries  gives  a 
most  picturesque  description  of  the  Four  Districts : 

“A  network  of  yellow  streams,  narrowing  and 
broadening,  winding  in  every  direction  over  the  wide 
plain ; low  fields  bounded  by  them,  some  flooded, 
some  half  covered  with  the  water,  but  green  with 
the  tender  freshness  of  the  young  rice  plants,  some 


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barely  raised  above  the  water’s  reach,  and  verdant 
with  the  low-cropped  mulberry  bushes  which  feed  the 
silkworms  of  one  of  the  finest  silk  districts  in  China ; 
boats  of  all  sorts  passing  to  and  fro ; men  and  women 
in  the  wet  fields,  preparing  the  ground  for  the  rice 
with  great  hoes,  or  plowing  or  harrowing  with  buf- 
faloes, or  setting  the  rice  plants,  knee  deep  often 
in  the  loam,  children  scraping  the  river  bottoms  for 
shellfish,  or  gathering  greens ; the  whole  country  so 
flat  that  the  sails  of  the  boats  in  the  myriad  streams 
seem  to  spring  from  the  ground,  while  great  moun- 
tains yet  loom  up  misty  and  blue  in  the  distance, — 
these  are  a few  of  the  many  and  fascinating  sights 
that  we  glided  past  as  we  sat  on  the  roof  of  a 
hotau  boat.” 

Shun  Tak-West  River  field,  although  easy  of  access 
lias  been  difficult  to  work  on  account  of  the  former 
opposition  of  the  people.  This  is  gradually  being 
overcome  by  the  activities  of  the  missionaries  and  the 
field  shows  great  possibilities. 

The  second  Station  to  be  opened  in  the  South  China 
Mission  was  Yeung  Kong  which  is  situated  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  province  of  Kwantung,  150  miles 
from  Canton.  In  1886,  Dr.  Joseph  Thompson  opened 
the  work  there  and  the  first  years  were  marked  by 
opposition.  During  the  year  of  the  Boxer  outbreak 
ill  1900  the  Station  was  deserted.  The  region  around 
Yeung  Kong  is  infested  with  robbers  and  pirates,  and 
the  unsettled  condition  of  the  government  at  present 
(1921)  has  added  to  the  difficulty  of  the  work. 
Nevertheless,  in  the  city  and  throughout  the  country 
districts  the  people  are  showing  an  interest  in  Chris- 
tianity. The  women  are  anxious  to  study  and  the 
school  houses  are  crowded  to  overflowing.  Yeung 


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Kong  needs  more  schools  and  the  need  for  country 
medical  itineration  is  great.  Thousands  of  people  are 
waiting  for  medical  advice  and  the  Gospel  message 
which  it  brings.  There  are  calls  from  all  parts  of  the 
field  for  evangelistic  campaigns. 

Lienchou,  the  Scene  of  Martyrdom — This  city  in 
the  northern  part  of  Kwantung  was  visited  in  1872 
by  missionaries  from  Canton,  but  the  Station  was  not 
formally  opened  until  1890.  Early  efforts  met  with 
much  difficulty,  as  the  officials  and  gentry  would  not 
sell  the  Station  any  land  in  or  near  the  city.  By 
1896  this  antagonism  was  practically  broken  down. 
However,  in  1905,  due  to  the  excitement  of  the  annual 
idol  festival  the  Station  was  attacked.  While  the 
Mission  buildings  were  being  burned  by  the  mob, 
the  missionaries  tried  to  get  across  the  river  to  the 
official  Yamen  for  protection,  but  no  boat  dared  to 
take  them.  So  they  wandered  as  far  as  a cave  and 
there  hid  themselves.  With  grass  torches  the  in- 
furiated mob  hunted  out  Mrs.  Machle  and  her  little 
girl,  Dr.  Eleanor  Chesnut  and  Rev.  and  Mrs.  John 
R.  Peale.  They  failed  to  find  Miss  Patterson  who  was 
in  a deep  hole  under  a ledge,  and  also  Dr.  E.  C. 
Machle,  who  separated  from  the  rest,  was  immersed 
in  water  in  another  recess  of  the  cave.  Those  found 
were  treated  with  cruel  indignity  and  killed.  The 
names  of  Mrs.  Machle  and  little  Amy,  Dr.  Chestnut, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peale,  were  that  day  added  to  the  roll 
of  the  martyrs  of  our  Church. 

The  Station  was  rebuilt  and  the  work  again  pros- 
pered, although  it  has  been  hindered  in  recent  years 
by  unsettled  political  conditions. 

A Gateway  for  the  Hunanese — Lienchow  is  the 
gateway  through  which  the  products  of  the  southern 


11 


part  of  Hunan  Province  reach  the  outer  world.  Many 
Hunanese  coolies  come  every  day  for  trading  purposes 
and  there  are  about  10,000  in  the  city  of  Lienchow 
alone.  They  are  a sturdy  and  serious  people  who 
stay  by  themselves.  A great  opportunity  is  given 
to  the  missionary  to  give  the  Gospel  message  to  these 
people  that  they  may  eventually  carry  it  back  to 
their  homes. 

In  spite  of  many  hindrances.  Mission  activities 
have  progressed.  Lienchow  field  is  large  and  there 
are  many  mountain  tribes  who  have  never  heard  the 
story  of  Christ. 

Kochou,  first  an  Out-station  of  Yeung  Kong,  was 
formally  opened  as  a Station  in  1912.  Owing  to 
disturbed  political  conditions  at  present,  evangelistic 
itineration  with  training  classes  for  men  has  been 
the  main  activity  of  the  Station.  Work  among  the 
women  has  been  most  encouraging.  Kochou  with  its 
six  counties  is  a field  of  magnificent  distances  and  a 
hard  one  to  itinerate.  On  the  other  hand  the  people 
are  most  friendly  and  well  disposed  toward  the 
Gospel. 

Shek  Lung,  a commercial  center,  45  miles  southeast 
of  Canton,  was  started  as  an  Out-station  of  Canton 
and  permanent  work  was  established  in  1915.  During 
the  early  years  there  was  great  opposition  to  Chris- 
tianity, but  since  the  days  of  the  Republic  there  has 
been  an  attitude  of  friendliness  toward  the  Mission 
work.  In  the  year  1920,  the  greatest  revival  that 
Shek  Lung  has  ever  known  took  place.  As  a result, 
organized  bands  of  Christians  have  visited  the  dif- 
ferent villages,  preaching  the  Gospel.  Everywhere 
there  is  a desire  to  know  more  about  Christianity. 


12 


The  Outlook 

In  Public  Affairs — The  Chinese  can  be  aroused 
against  evil,  and  the  crusade  against  gambling  is 
now  (1921)  taking  hold  among  them.  Not  long  ago 
15,000  citizens  of  Canton,  in  a parade  several  miles 
long,  presented  to  the  Governor  a petition  from  more 
than  50,000  members  of  the  Anti-Gambling  Society, 
asking  for  the  abolition  of  the  vice  in  Canton. 
Churches,  schools,  trade  and  labor  organizations  took 
part  in  the  affair.  In  answer  to  the  petition,  the 
Governor  issued  a proclamation  to  stop  the  gambling 
and  said  that  he  would  enforce  the  order  by  military 
law.  The  Governor  called  on  the  Christian  citizens 
to  aid  him  in  the  enforcement  of  the  order.  Such  an 
incident  is  hopeful  for  the  cause  of  Christ. 

At  a patriotic  celebration  held  in  Canton  (1921) 
the  authorities  ordered  the  burning  of  half  a million 
dollars  worth  of  opium  that  had  been  seized  in 
various  raids, — an  evidence  that  they  are  in  earnest 
about  cleaning  out  this  destructive  traffic. 

The  unification  of  China  may  come  from  the  South 
after  all  and  find  its  beginning  in  the  progressive 
government  which  is  gathering  power  and  influence 
in  Canton. 

In  Christian  Activity — In  educational  interests, 
the  Mission  is  in  the  day  of  concentration  on  large 
central  institutions, — both  union  and  those  which  are 
our  Mission’s  exclusive  responsibility, — in  which  the 
children  of  the  Church  can  be  well  trained  and  the 
government  be  provided  with  models  of  a high  type 
of  schools.  In  medical  service  the  Mission  is  planning 
for  better  plants  and  means  of  training  men  and 
women  doctors  and  nurses  in  sufficient  numbers  to 


13 


meet  the  needs  of  the  Christian  community  in  China, 
first  of  all,  and  to  extend  as  widely  as  possible  this 
ministry  to  suffering  humanity.  In  evangelistic  effort 
has  come  the  day  of  close  cooperation  with  the  native 
Church  which  is  developing  strength  and  individu- 
ality. The  Chinese  Church  is  growing  in  stature  but 
it  needs  more  help  from  America  than  ever.  Com- 
pared to  the  task  ahead  it  is  still  a very  young  plant 
and  needs  good  cultivation  that  it  may  grow  sturdily 
in  numbers,  grace  and  power. 

Note.  For  most  recent  statistics  of  the  South  China 
Mission  consult  the  current  Annual  Report  of  the 
Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 

A Pen  Picture  of  each  Station  of  the  South  China 
Mission  describing  the  work  in  detail  can  be  secured 
at  five  cents  per  copy  from  the  Department  for 
Specific  Work,  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions,  or  from  the  Woman’s  Board  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions, 156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 


October,  1921. 


Pen  Picture 

of  the 

Hainan  Mission 


Established — 1893 

Stations  in  Order  of  Founding 

Nodoa 1884  Kachek 1902 

Kiungchow 1885 

Outstanding  Features 

The  field  of  the  Mission  is  an  island  composed 
of  fertile  valleys  and  imposing  mountains,  with 
tropical  vegetation,  and  healthful  climate. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  has  the  only 
Protestant  Mission  on  the  island. 

The  Hainanese  are  a robust,  virile  people. 
The  population  is  made  up  of  Chinese ; the  Loi 
who  are  the  original  inhabitants  of  the  island ; 
the  Miao,  and  a few  thousand  Hakkas. 

Ready  response  of  the  Miao  and  the  Loi  to  the 
Gospel  message,  practically  a ‘ ‘ Mass  Movement.  ’ ’ 

Extensive  and  intensive  evangelistic  work. 
Evangelism  also  stressed  in  educational  and 
medical  work. 


15 


Location  and  Size 

The  island  of  Hainan,  often  called  “The  Isle 
of  Palms,”  is  situated  off  the  extreme  southern 
point  of  the  mainland  of  China,  290  miles  south 
of  Hong  Kong.  Its  name  implies,  “The  Land 
South  of  the  Sea.”  Legend,  probably  founded 
on  fact,  has  it  that  Hainan  was  once  connected 
with  the  peninsula  of  Luichow  but  a volcanic 
disturbance  caused  the  sinking  of  the  stretch  of 
land  where  the  Hainan  Straits  now  are.  These 
straits  are  about  15  miles  wide.  The  island  is 
approximately  160  miles  long  and  90  wide  with 
an  area  of  some  14,000  square  miles,  or  nearly 
twice  the  size  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 

Climate 

During  the  summer  season  the  temperature 
ranges  from  80°  to  90°  F.  The  heat  of  the  sun 
is  intense  and  the  humidity  is  great.  During  the 
winter  the  temperature  occasionally  drops  to  45°. 
Frost  is  practically  unknown. 

Latitude 

Between  18°  and  20°  north.  About  the  same 
as  Cuba  or  Hawaii. 

Physical  Features,  Plant  and  Animal  Life 

In  the  northern  part  of  Hainan  there  are  ex- 
tensive regions  that  are  comparatively  level  but 
the  greater  part  of  the  island  is  composed  of  noble 
mountains  interspersed  with  fertile  valleys.  For- 
ests of  rare  wood,  rosewood,  mahogany  and  betel- 
wood  are  abundant.  Everywhere  the  vegetation 


16 


is  of  tropical  exuberance  and  beauty,  the  moun- 
tain slopes  in  particular  being  covered  with  a 
dense,  almost  impassable,  jungle  in  which  many 
wild  animals  roam.  Fruits  grow  in  abundance — 
papaya,  “the  melons  that  grow  on  trees,’’ 
mangoes,  cocoanuts,  bananas,  pineapples,  figs  and 
citrous  fruits  of  several  varieties.  In  the  forest 
many  strange  and  interesting  birds  abound ; wild 
pigeons  are  found  everywhere. 

Population,  Number  and  Character 

The  population  of  Hainan  is  estimated  at 
1,500,000  most  of  whom  are  Chinese  who  came 
originally  from  the  mainland,  the  island  having 
been  conquered  by  them  during  the  reign  of 
the  Emperor  Wu  Pi,  1001  B.  C.  A few  thou- 
sand llakkas,  immigrants  from  northern  China, 
are  also  found  in  the  district  near  the  hills.  The 
Hainanese  are  a robust,  virile  people  with  the 
general  characteristics  of  the  Chinese,  industrious 
and  frugal,  but  perhaps  more  warlike  in  temper 
than  their  countrymen  across  the  strait.  Their 
tendency  is  toward  turbulence.  For  a long  time 
they  gave  the  Chinese  government  some  trouble 
and  British  men-of-war  were  needed  to  break  up 
their  disposition  to  prey  on  the  commerce  passing- 
til  rough  the  strait  to  and  from  Hong  Kong. 

The  Loi — About  one-third  of  the  island  is  in 
possession  of  the  original  inhabitants,  the  Loi, 
who  occupy  the  whole  of  the  hill  country  and 
a part  of  the  northwestern  plains.  They  are 
thought  to  be  of  the  Tai  race  of  the  Laos  of 
Siam  and  of  Indo-China.  The  term  “Loi,”  as 


17 


used  by  the  Chinese  in  Hainan,  is  applied  to  a 
number  of  different  tribes.  First,  there  are  those 
who  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  the 
Chinese  except  by  their  aboriginal  language. 
Next,  there  is  a class  of  Loi  who  have  wholly 
submitted  to  the  Chinese  government  but  have 
retained  their  aboriginal  dress  and  some  of  their 
customs.  The  third  class  are  the  natives  who 
now  occupy  the  south  central  or  hilly  part  of 
Hainan,  into  which  they  have  been  forced  by 
successive  waves  of  immigration  of  more  highly 
civilized  people  from  the  mainland  of  China. 

The  Loi  are  generally  taller  and  finer  looking 
than  the  Chinese,  having  gentler  manners.  While 
the  different  tribes  have  constant  trouble  among 
themselves,  they  are  kindly  disposed  towards 
strangers  and  seldom  attack  the  Chinese  unless 
they  have  received  some  injury  from  them.  They 
are  governed  by  their  own  chiefs,  some  of  whom 
recognize  Chinese  authority.  The  Loi  have  their 
own  language  and  a few  understand  the  Hain- 
anese  dialect. 

The  Miao — These  people  are  not  native  to 
Hainan  but  have  migrated  from  the  province  of 
Kwangsi  in  southern  China.  They  inhabit  the 
mountainous  interior  of  the  island  and  build 
their  villages  far  up  on  the  mountains.  In  cus- 
toms, dress,  habits  of  life  and  temperament  they 
differ  from  the  Chinese.  The  Miao  are  an  honest, 
industrious  and  peace  loving  people.  In  spite 
of  privations  and  bitter  toil,  they  are  singularly 
open  and  responsive  to  any  who  gain  their 
confidence. 


18 


Products 

The  Hainanese  cultivate  rice,  cocoanuts,  silk, 
peanuts,  pineapples,  bananas,  cotton,  indigo, 
sugar,  cinnamon,  sweet  potatoes,  tobacco,  tea  and 
betel  nuts.  They  also  raise  horses,  cattle  and 
hogs.  The  chief  exports  of  the  island  are  rice, 
hides,  leather,  tallow,  sugar,  hemp,  eggs,  poultry, 
silk,  grass  cloth  and  carved  articles  of  fragrant 
wood. 

General  Conditions 

Hainan  in  the  last  twenty  years  has  made 
some  progress  along  with  the  rest  of  China,  so 
that  instead  of  the  wheelbarrow  and  sedan  chair 
as  the  only  means  of  conveyance,  one  now  sees 
in  the  cities  of  both  Hoihow  and  Kiungchow,  the 
rickshaws,  the  horse-drawn  carriage  and  the 
automobile.  The  queues  of  the  men  have  gone 
and  the  custom  of  binding  the  feet  of  the  girls 
is  passing  also.  There  have  been,  however,  no 
changes  among  the  Loi  of  the  interior.  Aside 
from  the  two  places  in  the  east  and  south  sides 
of  the  country  where  Christian  chapels  have 
been  opened,  the  heart  of  their  land  remains  un- 
touched. In  1920  there  was  civil  war  on  the 
island  of  Hainan. 

Missionary  History 

Roman  Catholic  Activity — The  beginning  of  mis- 
sionary work  in  Hainan  dates  back  to  the  sixteenth 
century,  when  as  early  as  1560  the  Jesuits  visited  the 
island.  In  the  old  cemetery  between  Hoihow  and 
Kiungchow  are  many  grave  stones  marked  with  a 


19 


cross.  In  1849  the  Roman  Catholics  reopened  their 
work  and  still  have  a small  mission  on  the  island. 

Beginnings  of  Our  Mission — The  first  Protestant 
missionary  to  Hainan  was  Mr.  C.  C.  Jeremiassen,  a 
Dane,  who  came  in  1881  and  made  his  headquarters 
at  Hoihow,  the  only  port  in  Hainan  which  was  open 
to  foreign  trade.  Before  his  conversion  he  had  spent 
a number  of  years  in  the  Chinese  custom  service  of 
Canton  as  a pirate  hunter.  At  first  he  labored  as 
an  independent,  self-supporting  missionary,  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  furnishing  him 
with  a Chinese  Christian  colporteur.  Previous  to  this 
he  had  studied  medicine  for  two  years  under  the  well- 
known  missionary.  Dr.  J.  G.  Kerr,  of  Canton  Station. 
The  first  year,  Mr.  Jeremiassen  made  a trip  around 
the  whole  island,  a trip  that  still  involves  much  hard- 
ship and  a month  of  travel.  He  sold  tracts,  gospels, 
and  medicines  and  thus  sowed  the  good  seed  which 
has  since  brought  an  abundant  harvest.  During  this 
time,  Mr.  Jeremiassen  was  associated  with  the  Amer- 
ican Presbyterian  Mission  of  Canton  which  he  joined 
in  1885. 

In  1883,  the  Rev.  B.  C.  Henry,  D.D.,  of  Canton, 
came  to  Hainan  and  made  a journey  of  exploration 
with  Mr.  Jeremiassen  into  the  interior  of  the  island. 
On  their  trip  they  found  a large  settlement  of  Hakkas 
near  Nodoa  and  a colporteur  was  placed  among  them. 
Nodoa  is  situated  on  the  northern  end  of  the  island, 
90  miles  inland  from  Kiungchow.  Although  it  is 
only  a small  market  town,  Nodoa  is  the  center  of  a 
populous  part  of  the  island  and  is  a gateway  to 
many  fields  of  missionary  activity.  In  1885  Rev.  H. 
B.  Noyes  of  Canton  visited  the  place  and  baptized 
nine  converts.  During  1887  a body  of  Chinese 


20 


troops  was  sent  to  Nodoa  to  punish  those  who  had 
been  engaged  in  the  insurrection  of  the  previous  year. 
Fever  broke  out  among  the  troops,  and  Mr.  Jeremias- 
sen  was  so  successful  in  treating  the  soldiers  that  the 
Governor  gave  him  a plot  of  ground  and  also  money 
to  erect  two  inexpensive  hospitals. 

Separation  from  Canton  Mission — In  May,  1893, 
Hainan  was  organized  as  a separate  Mission,  thus  be- 
coming independent  of  the  Canton  Mission.  The 
first  years  of  Protestant  Mission  activity  were  not 
years  of  ease.  Without  proper  houses  for  comfort- 
able living  in  a tropical  climate,  with  no  course  of 
study  or  trained  teachers  to  assist  in  learning  the 
new  language,  with  natives  always  suspicious  and 
often  unfriendly,  the  pioneers  laid  the  foundations 
for  the  work  that  has  since  been  carried  on. 

Development  of  Stations 

Since  1894  regular  Mission  work  has  been  conducted 
in  Nodoa  Station  and  missionaries  have  lived  there 
continuously,  with  a few  exceptions  when  disturbed 
conditions  made  it  necessary  for  foreigners  to  go 
to  the  port  as  a precautionary  measure. 

Beautiful  views  of  the  mountains  and  the  healthful 
climate  compensate  in  part  for  the  isolation  of  the 
Station.  Nodoa  is  the  most  settled  of  the  Sta- 
tions of  the  Hainan  Mission.  As  it  has  been  estab- 
lished the  longest,  it  can  see  the  results  of  its  labors 
in  the  second  and  third  generations  of  Christians. 

In  1885,  H.  M.  McCandliss,  M.D.,  came  to  the  island 
and  Kiungchow,  the  capital,  three  miles  inland  from 
the  port  of  Hoihow,  was  chosen  as  the  place  for 
opening  a new  Station.  In  the  same  year  the  Rev.  and 
Mrs.  F.  P.  Gilman  joined  the  work  there.  Attempts 


21 


to  secure  property  in  Kiungchow  were  difficult  at 
first  and  it  was  not  until  1897  that  a hospital  was 
built  at  Hoihow,  the  port.  This  hospital  has  proved 
of  the  greatest  service  to  the  community  in  epidemics. 
The  work  of  visiting  in  the  homes  in  the  city  has 
been  carried  on  by  the  Bible  women.  They  are  also 
at  hand  in  the  hospital  to  give  instruction. 

The  field  covered  by  Kiungchow  Station  is  exten- 
sive. It  includes  Ngai-chow  and  Lui-chow,  the  penin- 
sula just  across  the  straits  from  Hainan.  Other 
untotiched  fields  are  ready  for  the  Gospel  message. 

Kachek,  the  third  Station  of  the  Hainan  Mission, 
is  situated  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  island, 
twelve  miles  from  the  coast  and  60  miles  south  of 
Kiungchow.  Its  opening  is  associated  with  the  Boxer 
uprising  in  the  year  1900.  At  that  time  Rev.  F.  P. 
Gilman,  Rev.  C.  H.  Newton  and  Dr.  S.  L.  Lassell 
were  appointed  for  the  work  at  Kachek.  Owing  to 
the  unsettled  conditions,  the  Station  was  not  per- 
manently occupied  as  a residence  until  1902. 

Every  member  of  the  Kachek  church  (1921)  is  en- 
listed in  personal  evangelistic  work.  New  converts 
have  opened  three  country  churches.  Village  schools 
are  held,  in  each  case,  in  the  chapel  building,  with 
one  exception,  where  the  non-Christian  villagers  asked 
the  Christians  to  use  the  ancestral  hall.  Two  idol 
shrines  were  torn  down,  and  the  bricks  from  the 
shrines  were  used  to  enlarge  the  hall. 

A Mass  Movement 

The  particular  work  of  Kachek  has  been  among 
the  Miao  and  the  Loi.  The  Miao  work  had  a most 
interesting  beginning.  A Miao  chief  had  an  impres- 


22 


sive  dream.  He  saw  his  house  in  darkness,  suddenly 
illumined  by  a great  light.  In  the  spring  of  1916  he 
came  to  Kacliek,  asking  that  his  people  be  taught  the 
Gospel,  as  he  believed  that  they  were  in  darkness.  The 
missionaries  told  him  that  Jesus  was  the  Light  of  the 
world.  After  their  first  visit  to  his  village,  his  people 
built  a thatched  chapel  and  throngs  came  from  miles 
around  to  learn  of  the  Christian’s  God.  When  they 
had  learned  a few  lessons  in  the  worship  of  the  true 
God,  they  returned  to  their  villages  and  built  chapels 
of  their  own.  One  village  chief  was  asked  how  many 
families  in  his  village  worshipped  God.  “All  of 
them,  ’ ’ he  replied  ; ‘ ‘ when  we  built  this  chapel  two 
families  refused  to  join  with  us  and  so  they  moved 
to  another  village.’’  On  Easter  Sunday,  April  20th, 
1919,  the  first  communion  was  held  for  these  people 
of  the  forest  in  the  chief’s  village.  The  response  from 
the  Miao  has  been  practically  a mass  movement,  and 
the  work  offers  a great  opportunity  and  a great  chal- 
lenge to  our  faith.  Over  2,000  Miao  are  hearing  the 
Gospel  in  23  chapels  which  they  have  built  at  their 
own  expense  (1921).  Ninety  of  these  Miao,  including 
a Loi  chief  and  five  or  six  Miao  chiefs,  have  been 
baptized  since  1918  and  hundreds  more  are  asking 
for  baptism. 

A most  unique  experience  took  place  near  Kachek 
in  the  fall  of  1920.  The  people  of  a village  some 
30  miles  from  Kachek  threw  away  the  village  idols. 
This  is  the  first  time  this  has  happened  in  Hainan. 
Village  idols  are  different  from  the  family  idols. 
Nothing  can  be  done  to  them  except  by  consent  of 
all  the  people.  Therefore  this  means  that  the  hun- 
dred odd  families  of  this  village, — with  nearly  600 
people  in  it,— have  as  a village  given  up  idolatry. 

23 


This  is  a remarkable  action  for  China  and  we  may 
rejoice  at  the  power  of  the  Gospel  to  overthrow  in  this 
way  the  strongholds  of  heathenism.  The  small  temple 
from  which  these  idols  were  taken  has  been  turned 
into  a school,  a Christian  school  with  96  pupils  in 
attendance.  1 his  village  is  the  center  of  Christianity 
and  Christian  influence  in  the  district.  A church  has 
been  organized  in  it  with  149  charter  members. 

The  Loi  work  took  definite  form  in  1916  in  Leng-tui. 
Two  brothers  who  were  the  head  chiefs  were  anxious 
to  open  schools  for  their  people.  Teachers  were 
sent  out  and  schools  were  opened.  Later  one  of  the 
brothers  was  killed  in  an  uprising  of  some  of  his 
people.  The  teachers  were  forced  to  flee  and  the  work 
was  interrupted  for  a short  time,  but  was  later  re- 
sumed. The  Loi  people  have  treated  the  missionaries 
most  kindly  in  their  trips  among  them.  Just  as  one 
of  the  missionaries  was  leaving  one  of  the  Loi  villages, 
the  chief  said,  “Pray  for  us,  and  do  send  a woman 
to  teach  our  women  the  Way!” 

Proclaiming  the  Glad  Tidings 

Street  Preaching  and  Campaigns — Both  extensive 
and  intensive  evangelistic  work  has  been  carried  on 
in  the  three  Stations  of  the  Hainan  Mission.  Street 
preaching  and  the  selling  of  tracts  have  been  effective 
means  of  opening  work  in  new  markets.  The  sight 
of  a foreigner  is  sufficient  to  draw  a crowd  and  in 
this  way  opportunity  presents  itself  to  give  the  Gospel 
message.  Tracts  for  those  who  can  read  and  pictures 
for  the  illiterate  attract  the  crowd.  Often  the  mis- 
sionary will  preach  in  a temple  or  guild  room,  in  an 


24 


inn  or  a shop, — wherever  there  is  an  opportunity 
offered. 

Evangelistic  campaigns  carried  on  by  the  mis- 
sionaries and  their  native  assistants  have  proved  of 
great  value.  The  interest  of  the  officials  and  the 
opportunities  to  speak  in  government  schools  have 
been  unusual.  By  means  of  these  trips,  the  seed  of 
the  Gospel  has  been  sown  literally  in  thousands  of 
hearts,  the  Christians  have  been  aroused  and  inter- 
ested and  the  assistants  have  received  a much  larger 
vision  of  the  work  lying  at  our  door. 

The  Bible  Women — Each  Station  has  a number  of 
Bible  women  who  are  able  to  give  all  or  part  of  their 
time  to  carrying  the  Gospel  to  the  women.  Some  of 
them  have  interesting  histories,  showing  how  the 
power  of  God  brought  them  out  of  heathen  darkness 
into  the  light  of  His  love.  Only  a few  Hainanese 
women  can  read,  so  they  must  be  taught  to  read  the 
Scriptures  and  hymns.  These  women  with  their  nar- 
row, shut-in  lives  respond  quickly  to  the  message 
of  love. 

Ever  since  women  missionaries  came  to  Hainan  the 
training  of  women  has  been  carried  on.  In  1903, 
a building  was  erected  in  Kiungchow  for  a Bible 
women’s  school,  but  it  was  used  for  both  women  and 
girls.  In  1910,  when  the  Pitkin  School  was  built, 
the  old  building  was  released  for  the  Women’s  Bible 
School  which  was  opened  in  the  spring  of  1912.  The 
school  has  had  three  definite  aims  in  view, — to  make 
good  earnest  Christian  women,  to  give  them  a knowl- 
edge of  Bible  truths  so  that  they  may  be  able  to 
teach  others,  and  to  train  Bible  women. 


25 


Educational  Aims 

The  aims  of  the  schools  in  the  Hainan  Mission  are: 

(1)  Education  of  the  children  of  the  Chinese 
constituency ; 

(2)  The  training  of  church  leaders; 

(3)  The  training  of  Christian  teachers; 

(4)  Inculcating  the  idea  of  the  dignity  of  honest 
labor ; 

(5)  The  general  leavening  of  the  community  with 
Christian  thought. 

The  hope  of  the  Mission  has  been  to  establish  more 
lower  primary  schools  in  the  Christian  villages  where 
the  children  can  be  at  home  with  their  parents. 
These  village  schools  would  logically  act  as  feeders 
for  the  higher  primary  schools  located  in  each  Station. 
For  several  years  the  three  Stations  each  maintained 
a middle  school  or  high  school  for  boys  and  the  Pit- 
kin school  at  Kiungcliow  had  a middle  department. 
In  1919  the  Hainan  Christian  Middle  School  was 
opened  in  Kiungchow,  the  middle  pupils  from  the 
three  Stations  attending  this  institution. 

Medical  Service 

From  the  very  beginning  medical  work  has  been  an 
opening  wedge.  Mr.  .Jeremiassen  ^^sed  his  medical 
knowledge  to  spread  the  Gospel  message.  From 
dispensary  and  medical  work  carried  on  in  rented 
houses,  when  surgical  work  scarcely  dared  be  at- 
tempted for  fear  of  riots,  there  has  been  a steady 
expansion  until  there  are  at  present  three  hospitals, 
one  in  each  of  the  Stations.  If  better  sanitary  con- 
ditions could  be  put  into  operation,  many  of  the 
diseases  prevalent  in  Hainan  could  be  prevented. 

26 


Infant  mortality  is  very  high,  owing  to  the  lack  of 
cleanliness  and  proper  sanitary  care. 

Evangelism  has  been  stressed  in  the  hospital  work. 
The  morning  preaching  services  in  the  chapels  reach 
many  patients,  and  special  attempts  are  made  to 
follow  up  those  who  have  been  discharged. 

A Trip  to  Nodoa 

One  of  our  missionaries  gives  the  following  interest- 
ing account  of  a trip  from  Hoihow,  the  port,  to  Nodoa : 

“Southwest  from  Hoihow,  perhaps  sixty -five  miles 
as  the  crow  flies,  but  seventy-five  or  eighty  as  one 
winds  in  and  out  among  the  rice  fields  and  adds 
detours  around  the  foothills,  lies  Nodoa.  For  com- 
fortable travelling  it  is  a three  and  a half  day  trip 
with  stops  at  several  places. 

“Over  the  Hummocks,  nearly  800  feet  high,  winds 
the  narrow  road.  Like  all  Chinese  roads  it  varies 
in  width  from  the  size  of  a wide  trail  to  a path  a 
foot  wide.  For  some  distance  either  side  of  the  Hum- 
mocks and  part  way  over  the  hills  itself  it  is  paved 
with  irregular  volcanic  boulders,  worn  smooth  and 
slippery  by  years  of  travel,  and  difficult  to  walk  on. 
In  places  near  the  top  the  porous  lava  has  been 
gathered  and  built  into  walls  from  five  to  ten  feet 
high  on  either  side  of  the  trail,  gray  and  forbidding 
except  for  the  foliage  beyond  and  the  songs  of  the 
birds  in  the  woods. 

“As  we  zigzag  across  the  fields  beyond  the  Hum- 
mocks, we  find  ourselves  in  An  Zin  almost  before  we 
know  it.  Chinese  villages  are  all  built  on  the  same 
principle,  based  on  fear.  The  country  is  so  infested 
with  pirates  and  robber  bands  that  for  mutual  pro- 


27 


tection  the  village  houses  are  built  side  by  side,  sep- 
arated in  most  cases  only  hv  a party  wall.  In  many 
villages,  the  end  of  each  street  leading  out  into  the 
country  is  provided  with  a gate  of  heavy  posts,  fitting 
into  sockets  at  top  and  bottom  and  locked  in  place 
at  dark,  thus  shutting  out  all  marauders. 

“After  spending  a restless  night  in  a room  with 
eight  other  people,  we  started  on  our  journey  back 
to  Hoihow.  Toward  the  end  of  the  trip,  the  bright 
moonlight  of  the  early  evening  had  given  place  to  a 
cloudy  sky  and  we  had  to  pick  our  way  carefully  over 
the  uneven  paving  with  eyes  constantly  on  the  path 
to  prevent  stumbling.  At  about-  sunrise  I sat  on  the 
grass  beside  the  road  and  looked  back.  There  on  the 
horizon  rose  the  Hummocks,  blue-grey  against  the  sky. 
Beyond  them  lay  the  village  of  Doa  Hun  with  all  its 
spiritual  night  and  misery,  typical  of  the  suffering  and 
need  of  China.  But  on  either  side  are  the  hospitals 
and  churches  and  missionaries  of  Nodoa  and  Kiung- 
chow  and  Hoihow,  and  their  influence,  is  spreading 
from  village  to  village,  and  bringing  the  knowledge 
of  the  only  One  who  can  change  hearts  and  give  relief 
adequate  to  the  need.  This  relief  can  come  only 
through  the  channels  of  human  prayer  and  sacrifice.  ’ ’ 

Our  Opportunity 

Hainan  needs  more  consecrated  men  and  women 
to  carry  on  the  evangelistic  work,  to  care  for  the 
sick  that  fill  the  hospitals  and  to  instruct  the  youth 
that  are  crowding  every  school.  Funds  are  needed 
to  continue  the  work  among  the  Miao  and  the  Loi 
who  have  received  the  Gospel  with  so  great  joy. 
Hainan  appeals  especially  to  the  Presbyterian  Church 


28 


as  it  has  the  only  Protestant  Mission  in  the  island. 
In  one  Station  over  800  candidates  for  baptism  have 
been  examined  by  the  session  in  the  last  five  years 
(1916-1921)  and  over  400  have  been  baptized.  More 
than  half  of  these  have  been  received  since  the  begin- 
ning of  1920.  Schools,  hospitals  and  churches  are 
taxed  to  the  utmost  to  minister  in  Christ’s  name  to 
the  more  than  2,000,000  population  of  Hainan  and 
Lui-chow  peninsula.  One  dialect  is  understood  by 
the  majority  of  the  people.  Chinese,  Miao  and  Loi 
are  begging  to  have  the  Gospel  preached  to  them. 
The  Christian  Church  has  never  had  a greater  oppor- 
tunity or  a greater  responsibility  than  to  answer  this 
appeal  with  money  and  with  consecrated  lives. 

Note.  For  most  recent  statistics  of  the  Hainan  Mis- 
sion consult  the  current  Annual  Repoi’t  of  the 
Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 

A Pen  Picture  of  each  Station  of  the  Hainan  Mis- 
sion describing  the  work  in  detail  can  be  secured 
at  five  cents  per  copy  from  the  Department  for  Spe- 
cific Work,  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions, 
or  from  the  Woman’s  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  156 
Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 


October,  1921. 


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* 


